ПСИХОЛОГІЧНІ ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ДІТЕЙ ІЗ СПЕКТРОМ АУТИЗМУ: ШЛЯХ ДО РОЗУМІННЯ / PSYCHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CHILDREN WITH THE AUTISM SPECTRUM: THE WAY TO UNDERSTANDING

Г. М. Закалик; Н. М. Шувар

Анотація (двома мовами)

У статті висвітлено важливу проблематику сьогодення – розуміння психологічних особливостей дітей з РАС для підтримки їхнього розвитку та соціальної адаптації. Здійснено короткий історичний опис із досліджень дітей з РАС, основні причини щодо ризику розвитку даного захворювання, особливості діагностики та основні симптоматичні прояви. Показано активізацію державної політики у висвітленні даної проблеми в суспільстві, сприяння у розширенні доступності навчання та розвитку дітей спектру аутизму. / Autism or Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition, a complex disorder encompassing a wide range of forms, caused by congenital brain development abnormalities. These abnormalities lead to a significant deficit in social interaction. Additionally, individuals with autism face serious communication challenges. They often experience hypersensitivity to sensory stimuli, which can result in inappropriate behavior, withdrawal from society, and deeper immersion in their own world.Children with autism exhibit distinct stereotypical behaviors while differing significantly in the nature and severity of their symptoms, as well as in their developmental trajectories. This variability is influenced by the unique structure and functioning of their central nervous systems.The challenge lies in the broad range of autism manifestations, which exist along a continuum of symptom severity. Some individuals are socially isolated, non-verbal children with severe intellectual disabilities, requiring assistance with daily activities due to substantial adaptation and self-care challenges. Teaching such individuals basic self-sufficiency becomes essential.This publication highlights children with specific manifestations of the autism spectrum who fall into the category of inclusive education. These children have the potential to attend educational institutions and acquire socialization skills. The purpose of this research is to conduct a theoretical analysis of the causes and features of manifestationof autism in children to explore ways of providing psychological support and assistance.Research methods: content-analysis and synthesis of genetic and neurobiological research data.Theoretical analysis of the problem of autism. Globally, there are 67 million people with Autism Spectrum Disorders, representing more than 1% of the planet's population. Over the past decade, the number of children with autism has increased tenfold.Until 2006, many children were misdiagnosed with «mental retardation» or «delayed speech development». After the adoption of a unified protocol, «childhood autism» became a standard diagnosis, though, in some cases, it was established without thorough differential diagnosis until 2014. Today, genetic and neurobiological studies confirm ASD as a congenital defect of neuropsychological development.In Ukraine alone, as of 2023, 20.936 children with ASD were registered, according to the National Health Service of Ukraine (NHSHU).Discussion of research results.These children require not only medical but also psychological and pedagogical support. Their unique worldview stems from differences in brain activity, which manifest in various symptoms, including increased sensory sensitivity, excitability, and impaired cognitive functions (attention, memory, thinking, speech). Behavioral challenges, such as stereotypic movements, a need for solitude, avoidance of eye contact, and difficulties maintaining social interactions, are also common.Psychological support involves ensuring the child's comfort by maintaining a consistent schedule, fostering speech and cognitive skills, and developing social interaction through imitation techniques. Teachers and parents must adopt innovative educational technologies tailored to these children's needs.Conclusions. The social adaptation of autistic children is as critical as developing their educational abilities. A state-level approach to training professionals—teachers, psychologists, and educators—is essential to equip them with the skills necessary for working with children with ASD. Developing new technologies tailored to individual needs, such as limited speech capabilities, specific sensory responses, and alternative communication methods like sign language, is equally crucial

ПСИХОЛОГІЧНІ ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ДІТЕЙ ІЗ СПЕКТРОМ АУТИЗМУ: ШЛЯХ ДО РОЗУМІННЯ / PSYCHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CHILDREN WITH THE AUTISM SPECTRUM: THE WAY TO UNDERSTANDING

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